名词主体论，动作决定论：文章以及段落都是由主题句和细节句构成的。主题句表明段落或篇章的中心，细节句是为主题句而服务的。即，主题句指明段落及文章的方向，细节句则是支撑主题的具体事例，引语，统计，比喻或者实验。同时，无论主题句还是细节句均由单词组成：名词表达主体，动词确定趋势，形容词和副词表示性质。因此，把握文章每一个段落的中心思想无须透彻理解整个段落，段落中的名词即可指明方向，确定主题，即，名词主体论。主体名词对应的动作体现主语内容和趋向，因此，准确体现主题句动作的段落即为该主题句所对应的段落，即，动作决定论。
解题步骤分析：
Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in
the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for
each numbered paragraph (4 1-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] What to do as a student?
Various definitions of plagiarism
[C] Ideas should always be sourced
[D] Ignorance can be forgiven
[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
[F] The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication asone’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight，sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography -- are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,’the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement: All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty．
1、主题句的分析、提炼
利用名词主体论分析提炼供选择主题句的主体名词，同时提炼对应的动作！
主体名词---对应动作
[A] What to do as a student? Student-----do something
Various definitions of plagiarism plagiarism-----definition
[C] Ideas should always be sourced idea-----be sourced
[D] Ignorance can be forgiven ignorance-----be forgiven
[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft plagiarism-----theft
[F] The consequences of plagiarism plagiarism-----consequence
2、段落主体及动作的把握
段落内容的理解（中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；没有转折词看段首句和段尾句），重点关注动作。
3、主题句与段落对应选择
段落的主体名词与供选主题句的主体名词进行对应，缩小选项范围；段落的动作与范围内的动作进行对应，准确选择答案！
41题对应段落主体及动作来源于段首句和段尾句：The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. …Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
主体名词为：plagiarism和social
对应动作为：The penalties for plagiarism “学术剽窃的惩罚” vary from situation to situation.“因形式而异” …require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources. “要求作者格外关注其材料的来源给出注解”。对应选项为：F
42题对应段落主体及动作来源于段首句：Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur.
主体名词为：students
对应动作为：avoid various kind of plagiarism “避免各种剽窃”，being self-critical “自我批评”
对应选项为：A
43题对应段落主体来源于段落前两句,动作来源于段落尾句：Plagiarism by accident, or oversight，sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from….Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
主体名词为：plagiarism
对应动作为：by accident “意外”, is the result of the writer’s inability“是作者无能的结果”, be guarded against “小心提防”，exempt from being severely punished“未被严厉惩罚”
对应选项为：D
44题对应段落主体及动作来源于段落首句和尾句：Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. …Although ‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,’ the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
主体名词为：plagiarism和writer
对应动作为：do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources “不知道信息来源”， documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing “笔记，引用，脚注，列举” cannot plead ignorance “不能恳求当作无知”, his sources for ideas “思想的来源” are challenged“受到质疑”。
对应选项为：C
45题对应段落主体及动作来源于段落首句和尾句：The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention…. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
主体名词为：plagiarism和words
对应动作为：academic thievery “学术盗窃”，are used to describe the practice of plagiarism“被用来描述故意的学术剽窃”。对应选项为：E
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解题理论分析：
名词主体论---结构决定论
名词主体论：段落的主要内容和大意体现在段落的主题句中，而且，句子的内容体现在句子的主语、宾语主体上。因此，为了提高解题效率，考生可以通过句子的主语和宾语的名词把握句子、段落或篇章的含义。即，名词主体论。
结构决定论：段落排序题的文章结构特点与阅读理解大体一致，一般来说，有六种相对固定的结构形式。因此，在利用名词主题论理解每个段落内容之后，可以利用文章结构，将段落准确排序。
常见的文章结构顺序包含：
一． 议论文
1.议题---问题---原因---对策
2.议题---问题---对策---结论（未来）
3.议题---问题---对策---结论（过去）
4.反面话题---驳斥观点---原因---观点—展望未来
二． 说明文
1.积极事物---优点---缺点---展望未来
2.消极事物---缺点---优点---回顾过去
三． 叙事文
按照时间先后顺序排序。包含时间，时态和动作。
解题步骤分析：
步骤一、理解给定的段落确定文章的文体与结构。
理解给定的段落内容（段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句），重点关注动作内容。
步骤二、理解供排序的段落确定段落的内容方向。
理解供排序段落内容（段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句），重点关注动作内容。
步骤三、按照文章结构及段落内容准确排序。
利用文章结构，结合以各个段落的内容，准确将段落排序。
解题实战练习：
Directions：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41—45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] “I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t — it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.
[B] “Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.
[C] “I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies．
[D] “Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair — too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.
[E] “The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.
[F] “So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”
[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
G--41--42--43--44--45--F
步骤一、理解给定的段落确定文章的文体与结构。
理解给定的段落内容（段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句），重点关注动作内容。
第G段：
A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job.
利用名词主体论动作决定论提炼信息为：was putting on a number of seminars “举行一系列的论坛”；the topic to be discussed was motivation “供讨论的主题是主动性”. 表明该段叙述“议题”，确定本文是议论文。
步骤二、理解供排序的段落确定段落的内容方向。
理解供排序段落内容（段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句），重点关注动作内容。
第A段：“I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal.
利用名词主体论动作决定论提炼信息为：motivate them to do a better job“鼓励他们作好工作”；budget crunch“预算危机”； no financial rewards“经济奖励”. 表明该段叙述“（自己的）对策”
第B段：“Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true.
利用名词主体论提炼信息为：promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork.“升职与文字工作的好坏有关”。表明该段叙述“（自己的）对策”
第C段：“I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. 利用名词主体论提炼信息为：real problem“实质问题” send them out on the street“派他们到街上”。表明该段叙述“问题（派出去）”
第D段：“Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion.
利用名词主体论提炼信息为：Some people“一些人”；suggested“建议”；performance criterion“评价表现的标准”。表明该段叙述“（他人的）对策”
第E段：“The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately.
利用名词主体论提炼信息为：problem“问题”； get back to the station“回到警察局”。表明该段叙述“问题（回局里）”
步骤三、按照文章结构及段落内容准确排序。
利用文章结构，结合以各个段落的内容，准确将段落排序。
因此：正确的顺序为C—E---A---B---D