雅思阅读难点解析之“剑桥真题系列”
发布时间:2013/7/5 22:54:23 来源:城市网学院 编辑:admin
Cambridge IELTS 5: Test 2
上 篇
剑桥V系列真题的Test 2 无论从文章的核心话题还是题型方面来看都有一定难度,对于雅思考生尤其是初次参加考试的‘烤鸭’们来讲,无疑是一个不小的挑战。三篇文章的主题分别涉及到‘酚醛材料 BAKELITE', 关于大脑处理幽默的一系列机制的'What's so funny?’以及科技英语的诞生:“The Birth of Scientific English‘,其中2篇文章都出现了有一定难度系数的summary 和Matching, 一个关于脑部结构与功能的Labelling题以及多项选择题,除2个表格填空题相对简单外,3篇文章都出现了中等难度的是非无判断题T / F / NG. 下面专家将就考生普遍感到困惑的难点做一解析,希望对众’烤鸭‘们有所帮助。
Passage 1'BAKELITE’算得上是一篇有相当难度的文章,无论就其本身的内容,题型而言还是与后面2篇文章的难度对比而言,有鉴于此,一般会建议学员对3篇文章做一个全盘了解和统筹安排,将本文置于最后来进行,遵循由易到难的基本原则,把最充裕的时间留给最有把握的题,这样才有利于最大限度地优化成绩。
在Passage 1 的题型中出现了Summary 的填空题和凸显定位难度的五选二的多选题,三个是非无判断以及唯一不太具备难度的流程图填空题。
在第一篇文章的题目中最具难度的Q9 & 10两道五选二的多选题,题目为:
Which TWO of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in the text?
A. the function which the object would serve
B. the ease with which the resin could fill the mould
C. the facility with which the object could be removed from the mould
D. the limitations of the materials used to manufacture the mould
E. the fashionable styles of the period
要达成快速定位就需要首先在题干中找到关键词,从全句的意思可知,influencing the design是核心意义,也是赖以定位的关键词。
略读选项,掌握每一个选项的大意,划出关键词帮助记忆。
回到原文,用Scanning 的方式在原文中Paragraph 5的首句可以看到design: The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process.
由于该句是主题句(Topic Sentence),可知本段的核心是关于design的,细读段落内容,分别有2处讲到了design:
1. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract.
2. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and #pletely into the mould.
两句都毫无疑义地涉及到关于design 的要义,第1句中指不能导致‘locked into the mould', 以至于不能extract, 正确理解这句话在浇铸生产中的实际意义需要一点想象能力,这对于不了解浇铸工艺的考生来说是不大好理解的,所以在下文中给到了一些解释:
A #mon general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces.
在了解到’一个普遍常规是物体应该越朝向底部越尖细‘的意义后,结合’以免被锁在里面‘,读者方能理解它的实际意义,然后确定和C选项中'removed from the mould’这一信息相吻合。
第2句中‘flow evenly and #pletely into the mould’在对前文理解的基础上相对容易,不过在下文中也出现了补充解释:
Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, 'streamlined' style popular in the 1930s.
在综合理解上文的基础上,可以获知另一个待选的正确选项是B,因为B选项中‘the ease’和‘fill the mould’的表述与上述信息一致。
上述过程带给我们的启示是平时要注意多积累,阅读面要广泛,尽可能涉猎不同领域的内容。
另外,笔者在执教过程中还发现学生对于本篇文章的Summary 中的Question 1& 2做题的正确率不高,分析发现,主要原因还在于信息定位和综合理解能力欠佳,下面具体说明:
题目:Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Some plastic behave in a similar way to 1____________ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms. BAKELITE was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely 2____________ in origin, and thermosetting.
除了similar 及melt under heat 两个特点可以帮助定位以外,作为主体的Some plastic 也不应被忽略。原文中:
Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil.
考生在找到Some plastics 定位后,在涵盖了4行篇幅的文字中并未能如愿找到similar和 melt under heat的相关信息。这时缺乏经验和备考不足的考生可能会失去对定位准确性的信心,另觅他处寻找答案;综合理解能力较好或有经验的考生会意识到,既然此处已经谈及Some plastics的城市网和特性,那么就有可能会在后面的内容中涉及和它有类似特性的某种物质,而这种物质的特点是melt under heat, 这意味着只要读下去,甄别出来是容易的。
在接下来的句子中:Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can be reshaped. 出现了题目中提及的特点:遇热融化,由前文可发现,答案是candlewax.
该题本身难度是不大的,但考生临场过于功利的心态会导致不切实际的急躁做法,希望一出现关键词就得到答案,从而人为增加了难度,教师在授课中应适时地加以引导,教会学生客观实际地看待类似情况,不惧多读上下文,才能使技巧走入良性循环的轨道。
Question 2: BAKELITE 具备的unique 的特点是极好的定位词,加之first, entirely 以及thermosetting, 该题的定位并不比Q1麻烦。在紧接Q1的下一句中出现了:
Others are 'thermosetting': like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.
若能结合上下文背景,就不难理解上述句子中distinction 对应于题目中出现的unique, 还出现了原词重现的first, 而totally 对应于题目的entirely, 根据题目中和thermosetting并列的要求,阅读原文中对plastic 的并列修饰成分synthetic 和thermosetting, 可知答案是synthetic.
该题更多考察的是对句子的综合理解能力,在单词,短语和句型被代换的背景下,只有在对句子所表达的意义真正理解的前提下,才能辨别出隐藏其中的答案。考生应在洞悉技巧的同时,加强实力,才是明智之举。
下 篇
在本套题的Passage 2中,同样出现了几处有一定难度的题目值得讨论,现分述如下:
Q15 (T / F / NG): Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence.
以大写首字母的人名Plato做关键词来帮助定位,我们会在原文第二段发现它的出处:
Plato expressed the idea that humour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others.
看起来二者已经有对应的可能性了:feeling 似乎只能和 sign对应,而superiority 似能和above-average 对应。但是稍加思考问题就出现了:feeling 只是一种主观感觉,而sign 是客观迹象; 原文虽然出现了superiority, 但并未明确是intelligence方面的。而不能肯定也不代表可以否定,最终答案是NOT GIVEN.
Q16. Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.
除了Kant 以外,可以做关键词帮助定位的还包括the controlled release和 nervous energy,
找到Kant 所在的位置Paragraph 2:
Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline.
若欲凭籍词或词组的对应关系来判断正误,这道题恐怕就会令人失望。脱离上下文,读者是不会将controlled release 和safely punctured 联系起来,也不会将nervous energy 和psychic tension视作等同,然而若根据原文内容仔细理解关于humour 的过程就会洞悉上述2组短语所表达的实质内容是一样的,都是指‘幽默的过程其实是将蓄积的神经能量(心理紧张)在一定条件下得到释放(safely punctured)’, 该题的答案为:TRUE.
因此,建议考生在备考过程中应注意夯实自己的实力,提升综合理解能力,才有望克服上述类型的题目。
再看Passage 3的Q29 (Summary):
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to #municate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29 ______________.
题目中mathematicians 是一个绝佳的定位词,因为填空所需要的词是和它并列的,在原文中也至少不会相距很远。
原文: And in the mid-17th century it was #mon practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, …
文中没有很顺利地出现和‘数学家’并列的词,不过在接下来的句子中出现了:Some scientists might have felt more #fortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted.
一些同学看到终于出现了scientists, 就牵强地将其并列,忽略了科学家坚持用Latin的原因是能够precisely 地表达他们的idea. 而题目中的信息则不然,因为和它并列的这个职业的人必须是和mathematicians一样,具有the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to #municate的特点,所以,scientists 这个答案和原文内容是有偏差的。
段落最后一句道明了答案:Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.
引号内的‘insider language’成为前文中‘keep their desire and proofs secret,’一句的代换。所以答案是doctors. 该题考察的是读者细致严谨的阅读风格,考生应在备考中多做针对性的训练。