Passage Three
　　Do you find getting up in the morning //so difficult //that it's painful? //This might be called laziness, //but //Dr.Kleitman has a new explanation. //He has proved //that everyone has a daily energy cycle.//
　　During the hours //when you labor through your work//you may say //that you're "hot". //That's true. //The time of day //when you feel most energetic// is when your cycle of body temperature// is at its peak. //For some people// the peak comes//during the forenoon. //For others// it comes in the afternoon or evening. //No one has discovered //why this is so, //but //it leads to such familiar monologues(自言自语) //as: "Get up, John! //You'll be late //for work again!" //The possible explanation to the trouble //is //that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak //in the evening.// Much family quarrelling ends// when husbands and wives realize //what these energy cycles mean, //and which cycle each member of the family has.//
　　You can't change your energy cycle, //but you can learn //to make your life fit it better.// Habit can help, //Dr. Kleitman believes.// Maybe you're sleepy //in the evening //but feel //you must stay up late anyway.// Counteract(对抗) your cycle to some extent //by habitually staying up// later than you want to. //If your energy is low ///in the morning//but you have an important job to do //early in the day,// rise before your usual hour. //This won't change your cycle, //but you'll get up steam (鼓起干劲) //and work better at your low point.
　　Get off to a slow start //which saves your energy. //Get up //with a leisurely yawn //and stretch. //Sit on the edge of the bed //a minute //before putting your feet on the floor. //Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes// by laying them out //the night before. //Whenever possible, //do routine work in the afternoon //and save tasks //requiring more energy or concentration //for your sharper hours.
　　11. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably _____.
　　A) he is a lazy person B) he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
　　C) he is not sure when his energy is low
　　D) he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
　　12. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
　　A) Unawareness of energy cycles. B) Familiar monologues.
　　C) A change in a family member's energy cycle.
　　D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
　　13. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should _____.
　　A) change his energy cycle B) overcome his laziness
　　C) get up earlier than usual D) go to bed earlier
　　14. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will ______.
　　A) help to keep your energy for the day's work
　　B) help you to control your temper early in the day
　　C) enable you to concentrate on your routine work
　　D) keep your energy cycle under control all day
　　15. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
　　A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one's energy.
　　B) Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
　　C) Habit helps a person adapt to his own energy cycle.
　　D) Children have energy cycles, too.
　　Passage Four
　　We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把......按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
　　Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
　　In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.
　　Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.
　　16. In the passage the author's attitude towards "mixed-ability teaching" is _____.
　　A) critical B) questioning C) approving D) objective
　　17. By "held back" (Line 1) the author means "_____".
　　A) made to remain in the same classes B)forced to study in the lower classes
　　C) drawn to their studies D) prevented from advancing
　　18. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's ______.
　　A) personal qualities and social skills B) total personality
　　C) learning ability and communicative skills D) intellectual ability
　　19. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph?
　　A) Group work gives pupils the opportunity to learn to work together with others.
　　B) Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities.
　　C) Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers.
　　D) Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities.
　　20. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to ______.
　　A) argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class
　　B) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities
　　C) offer advice on the proper use of the library
　　D) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching： [NextPage]

　　Passage Five
　　There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
　　If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teacher's interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to "play safe". He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.
　　I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience: "This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible (难以辨认的)." It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil's technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child's deep feelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centered on the child's ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.
　　21. Teachers differ in their opinions about ______.
　　A) the difficulties in teaching spelling
　　B) the role of spelling in general language development
　　C) the complexities of the basic writing skills
　　D) the necessity of teaching spelling
　　22. The expression "play safe" probably means "_______".
　　A) to write carefully B) to do as teachers say
　　C) to use dictionaries frequently D) to avoid using words one is not sure of
　　23. Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that ______.
　　A) students will be able to express their ideas more freely
　　B) teachers will have less trouble in correcting mistakes
　　C) students will have more confidence in writing
　　D) students will learn to be independent of teachers
　　24. The writer seems to think that the teacher's judgment on that sensitive piece of writing is ______.
　　A) reasonable B) unfair C) foolish D) careless
　　25. The major point discussed in the passage is ______.
　　A) the importance of developing writing skills
　　B) the complexities of spelling
　　C) the correct way of marking compositions
　　D) the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition
　　Passage Six
　　A breakthrough (突破) in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC's research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.
　　The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy program, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three per cent of the Community's emery requirements even after the year 2000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
　　Mr. Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three per cent of the EEC's needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible to satisfy a much bigger share of the community's future energy needs.
　　At present the EEC spends about $2.6 millions a year on solar research at Ispra, one of the EEC's official joint research centers, and another $3 millions a year in indirect research with universities and other independent bodies.
　　26. The phrase "be brought forward" (Line 2, Para. 1) most probably means "______".
　　A) be expected B) be completed C) be advanced D) be introduced
　　27. Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar energy depends on ______.
　　A) sufficient funding B) further experiments
　　C) advanced technology D) well-equipped laboratories
　　28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ______.
　　A) more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
　　B) only 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
　　C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
　　D) 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
　　29. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
　　A) The EEC spends one billion pounds on imported energy each year.
　　B) At the present level of research spending, it is difficult to make any significant progress in the provision of energy from the sun.
　　C) The desired breakthrough could be obtained by the end of the next decade if investment were increased.
　　D) The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energy research amounted to almost 6 million.
　　30. The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy ______.
　　A) would lead to a big increase in research funding
　　B) would make it unnecessary to import oil
　　C) would make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EEC
　　D) would provide a much greater proportion of the Community's future energy needs
　　Passage Seven
　　Just seven years ago, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart was being cheered as the model of human creativeness. The sight of Barney Clark--alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for a metal-and-plastic pump-convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the future had arrived. It hadn't. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing its effects on the 150 or so patients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure) the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them. Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval, effectively banning