7. Deciding Author's Tone or attitude
　　Paragraph One
　　We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
　　Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we Find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
　　Question
　　In the passage the author's attitude towards mixed-ability teaching is __
　　A. critical B. approving C. doubtful ' D. objective
　　Paragraph Two
　　The vast majority of American manufacturers face international competition. This competition forces companies to improve quality and cut costs. By contrast, protectionism encourages monopoly, lower quality and higher prices. Americans pay an enormous price for protectionism--over $ 60 billion a year, or $1000 for a family of four. Thanks to protectionism, for example, American consumers pay twice the world price for sugar.
　　Question
　　What is the author's attitude toward protectionism as denoted from this paragraph?
　　A. sincere B. appreciative C. approving D. ironic
　　Paragraph three
　　The diseases afflicting Western sciences have undergone dramatic changes. In the course of a century so many mass killers have vanished that tow-thirds of all deaths are now associated with the diseases of old age. Those who die young are more often than not the victims of accidents, violence and suicide.
　　These changes in public health are generally equated with progress and are attributed to more or better medical care. In fact, there is no evidence of any direct relation between changing disease patterns and the so-called progress of medicine.
　　The impotence of medical services to change life expectancy and the insignificance of much Contemporary clinical care in the curing of disease are all obvious, well documented and well repressed.
　　The fact that there are more doctors where certain diseases have become rare has little to do with their ability to control or eliminate them. It simply means that doctors deploy(施展)themselves as they like, more so than other professionals, and that they tend to gather where the climate is healthy, where the water is clean, and where people work and can pay for their services.
　　Question
　　What is the author’s tone in talking about developments in medicine?
　　A.matter-of-fact B. cautious C. indifferent D. cynical： [NextPage]

　　阅读好习惯的养成
　　Passage one 1
　　For anyone// who is set on a career in fashion //it is not enough// to have succeeded in college. // The real test is// whether they can survive// and become established //during their early 20s// making a name for themselves// in the real world //where business skills can count// for as much as flair ( 鉴别力) and creativity.
　　Fashion is a hard business. // There is a continuous amount of stress// because work is at a constant breakneck speed //to prepare for the next season's collections.// It is extremely competitive// and there is the constant need //to cultivate good coverage// in newspapers and magazines. //It also requires continual freshness// because the appetite for new ideas// is insatiable( 不知足的 ). “I try to warn people// before they come to us //about how tough it is,''// says Lydia Kemeny,// the head of Fashion //at St. Martin's School of Art //in London, //"and we point out// that drive and determination //are essential."
　　This may seem far removed //from the popular image of talented young people// spending their time// designing pretty dresses. //That may well be what they do// in their first year of study// but a good college won't be slow// in introducing students //to commercial realities. // “we don't stamp // on the blossoming flower of creativity// but in the second year //we start introducing the constraints// of price,// manufacturability, // marketing and so on."
　　Almost all fashion design// is done to a brief. // It is not //a form of self-expression //as such, //although //there is certainly room// for imagination and innovation.// Most young designers are going// to end up// as employees of a manufacturer or fashion house //and they still need// to be able to work //within the characteristic style of their employer. // Even those students //who are most talented //may need to adapt //to produce designs //that are right//for the mainstream type of market.// They also have to be able //to work at// both the exclusively expensive //and the cheap end of the market, //and the challenge to produce good design inexpensively //may well be more demanding// than where money is no object.
　　Reading Comprehension
　　Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
　　Passage One
　　Oceanography has been defined //as "The application of all sciences to the study of the sea".//
　　Before the nineteenth century, // scientists with an interest in the sea //were few and far between. //Certainly// Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it //in his writings,// but he was reluctant //to go to sea to further his work.
　　For most people //the sew was remote, //and with the exception //of early intercontinental travelers or others //who earned a living from the sea, // there was little reason //to ask many questions about it, //let alone //to ask //what lay beneath the surface. //The first time /that the question "What is at the bottom of the oceans?" had to be answered //with any commercial consequence // was //when //the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America //was proposed. //The engineers had to know// the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route// to estimate the length of cable //that had to be manufactured.
　　It was to Maury of the US Navy //that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, //in 1853,// for information //on this matter. In the 1840s, // Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages //during which soundings (测深) were taken// to investigate the depths //of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. //Later, //some of his findings //aroused much popular interest// in his book //The Physical geography of the Sea.
　　The cable was laid, // but not until 1866 //was the connection made //permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, //the cable failed //and when it was taken out //for repairs// it was found //to be covered in living growths, //a fact //which defied contemporary scientific opinion //that there was no life //in the deeper parts of the sea.
　　Within a few years //oceanography was under way.// In 1872 //Thomson led a scientific expedition (考察), //which lasted for four years// and brought home// thousands of samples from the sea.//Their classification and analysis// occupied scientists for years //and led to a five-volume report,// the last volume //being published in 1895.
　　1. The proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America made oceanographic studies take on ______.
　　A) an academic aspect B) a military aspect
　　C) a business aspect D) an international aspect
　　2. It was ______ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
　　A) the American Navy B)some early intercontinental travelers
　　C) those who earned a living from the sea
　　D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
　　3. The aim of the voyages Maury was responsible for in the 1840s was _____.
　　A) to make some sounding experiments in the oceans
　　B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
　　C) to estimate the length of cable that was needed
　　D) to measure the depths of the two oceans
　　4. "Defied" in the 5th paragraph probably means "______".
　　A) doubted B) gave proof to C) challenged D) agreed to
　　5. This passage is mainly about _______.
　　A) the beginnings of oceanography B)the laying of the first undersea cable
　　C) the investigation of ocean depths D) the early intercontinental communications
　　Passage Two
　　Normally // a students must attend a certain number of courses// in order to graduate, //and each course// which he attends //gives him a credit //which he may count towards a degree. //In many American universities //the total work for a degree //consists of thirty-six courses //each lasting for one semester.// A typical course //consists of three classes per week //for fifteen weeks; //while attending a university //a student will probably attend four or five courses //during each semester. //Normally// at university //a student will probably attend our or five courses// during each semester. //Normally //a student would expect //to take four years //attending two semesters each year. //It is possible //to spread the period of work //for the degree //over a longer period. //It is also possible //for a student //to move //between one university and another// during his degree course, //though this is not in fact done //as a regular practice.//
　　For every course//that he follows// a student is given a grade, //which is recorded, //and the record is available for the student// to show// to prospective employers.// All this// imposes a constant pressure and strain of work,//but in spite of this //some students still find time //for great activity// in student affairs.//Elections to positions in student organizations //arouse much enthusiasm. //The effective work of maintaining discipline //is usually performed //by students who advise the academic authorities.// Any student// who is thought //to have broken the rules, //for example, //by cheating //has to appear //before a student court. //With the enormous numbers of students, //the operation of the system //does involve a certain amount of activity. //A student //who has held one of these positions of authority// is much respected //and it will be of benefit// to him later in his career.
　　6. Normally a student would at least attend ______ classes each week.
　　A) 36 B) 12 C) 20 D) 15
　　7. According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed ______.
　　A) to live in a different university
　　B) to take a particular course in a different university
　　C) to live at home and drive to classes
　　D) to get two degrees from two different universities
　　8. American university students are usually under pressure of work because _____.
　　A) their academic performance will affect their future careers
　　B) they are heavily involved in student affairs
　　C) they have to observe university discipline
　　D) they want to run for positions of authority
　　9. Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably because ______.
　　A) they hate the constant pressure and strain of their study
　　B) they will then be able to stay longer in the university
　　C) such positions help them get better jobs
　　D) such positions are usually well paid
　　10. The student organizations seem to be effective in ______.
　　A) dealing with the academic affairs of the university
　　B) ensuring that the students observe university regulations
　　C) evaluating students' performance by bringing them before a court
　　D) keeping up the students' enthusiasm for social activities